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Fat-soluble vitamins depend on effective fat absorption and can accumulate in adipose tissue and the liver, increasing toxicity risk. Their deficiency patterns include night blindness, bone disease, bleeding, and neurologic findings; toxicities vary by vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins are generally excreted more readily, although deficiencies can develop with poor intake or increased loss, and excess effects are not uniformly absent. The source outlines scurvy from vitamin C deficiency and distinct B-vitamin syndromes, including beriberi, pellagra, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic complications. Comparing these characteristic manifestations provides a framework for recognizing how vitamin-specific deficiencies and toxicities differ.