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Chlamydia is an intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium transmitted mainly through sexual contact and sometimes perinatally. When symptoms occur, they can include cervicitis, urethritis, dysuria and post-coital bleeding. Untreated infection may lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy or epididymitis. Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is the diagnostic standard, and screening is emphasized for specified groups, including younger sexually active females and pregnant women. Treatment choices depend on circumstances such as pregnancy, adherence and possible rectal infection. Care also involves treating recent partners, observing recommended abstinence after therapy, and arranging rescreening because reinfection is common. The full lesson examines these decisions and related counseling in greater depth.