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The medullary pre-Bötzinger complex generates the primary respiratory rhythm, while the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups contribute to inspiratory drive and more active breathing. Pontine centers fine-tune inspiration. Central chemoreceptors respond to carbon dioxide-related changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH; peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes including low arterial oxygen. Lung stretch and airway receptors, as well as J receptors, add reflex influences. Exercise-related proprioception, voluntary cortical control, temperature, pain, emotion, hormones, and medicines can also alter breathing. Together, these controls help match ventilation to changing conditions. This preview introduces the main control pathways; the full lesson develops their roles and relationships in greater detail.