Topic overview

Start with the big picture

Aortic stenosis obstructs left ventricular outflow and produces pressure overload, while aortic regurgitation causes volume overload; their findings reflect these different stresses. Mitral stenosis is commonly rheumatic and may lead to left atrial enlargement and pulmonary hypertension. Mitral regurgitation and prolapse have distinct murmur patterns and potential complications. The overview also covers tricuspid and pulmonic valve disease, rheumatic valve changes, and infective endocarditis. Across these conditions, recognizing the lesion’s cause, characteristic examination findings, and effects on cardiac chambers helps organize the topic and understand its clinical consequences.