Topic overview

Start with the big picture

Asthma pathogenesis involves interacting immune, genetic, and environmental factors. Th2 cytokines help drive IgE production and eosinophilic inflammation, while Th17 activity can contribute to neutrophilic inflammation, particularly in severe or steroid-resistant disease. Early allergen-related bronchoconstriction may be followed hours later by a phase of edema and inflammation. Repeated inflammation can remodel the airways, including changes to smooth muscle, mucus-producing cells, and the basement membrane. The topic also surveys diagnosis through spirometry and biomarkers, asthma phenotypes, and stepwise pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management. Together, these areas show how disease mechanisms relate to assessment and treatment choices.