Topic overview

Start with the big picture

Hyperthyroidism is organized around Graves disease and autonomous hormone production in toxic multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma. The lesson links these causes to laboratory findings and clinical features, including the acute presentation of thyroid storm. Hypothyroidism covers Hashimoto thyroiditis, congenital and secondary causes, and myxedema coma, alongside painful and painless forms of thyroiditis that may follow a transient hyperthyroid-to-hypothyroid course. The neoplasm section introduces nodule evaluation using TSH, ultrasound and, when indicated, fine-needle aspiration. It then compares key features of papillary and follicular carcinoma, including characteristic pathology and patterns of spread. Together, these sections provide a framework for connecting thyroid disease mechanisms with presentation and evaluation.