Topic overview

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Group 14 elements connect biological chemistry with materials and technology. Carbon forms the framework of major biological molecules, while carbon dioxide supports photosynthesis and the carbon cycle; bicarbonate and carbon dioxide also help maintain blood pH. Carbon monoxide can impair oxygen delivery and has a signaling role at low levels. Carbon allotropes have applications in materials and nanotechnology. Silicon is associated with connective tissue and bone, and its compounds are used in glass, concrete, optics, semiconductors, and medical products. Germanium has no established human biological role in the snapshot, while some compounds are explored with caution. Tin appears in alloys, coatings, and toothpaste, but organotin compounds raise toxicity concerns. Lead has no physiological role and can affect heme synthesis and neurodevelopment.