Cell Physiology Basics
Start with the big picture
The plasma membrane is a fluid-mosaic bilayer that provides selective permeability and a platform for signaling. Cells move substances through diffusion, carrier- and channel-mediated transport, active transport, and vesicular processes. Ion gradients contribute to the resting membrane potential, while osmotic pressure and aquaporins influence water movement. Receptors and second messengers translate extracellular signals into cellular responses, and organelles perform specialized roles such as protein synthesis, energy production, and intracellular processing. The cytoskeleton supports cell shape, transport, and division; the cell cycle and apoptosis connect cellular activity to growth and cell fate. These mechanisms work together in homeostasis and intercellular communication.
What you'll learn
- Describe the plasma membrane’s main components and functions.
- Distinguish major membrane transport mechanisms, including carriers and channels.
- Explain how ionic gradients and osmotic pressure relate to membrane potential and water movement.
- Compare key receptor types and the role of second messengers in cell signaling.
- Identify major organelles and describe their cellular functions.
Continue your study
Work through the complete notes and reinforce the topic with the study tools available in the full lesson.
