Topic overview

Start with the big picture

The lesson begins with how σ and π bonds form and how hybridization affects geometry and bond properties. It then considers Lewis structures, formal charge, resonance, conjugation, and aromaticity as tools for understanding electron distribution and stability. Acid–base concepts include proton donors and acceptors, electron-pair donors and acceptors, conjugate pairs, and the relationship between Ka and pKa. The topic also surveys structural influences on acidity and basicity, including electronegativity, resonance, inductive effects, s-character, and anion size. Examples of organic acid and base classes and the role of solvent are included, alongside the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation and trends used to assess acid–base reaction direction.