Topic overview

Start with the big picture

Pharmacogenomics can help explain why patients respond differently to medicines and supports goals such as improving efficacy, reducing adverse drug reactions, and selecting an appropriate dose. The topic surveys genes that influence drug metabolism and transport, as well as genes linked to pharmacodynamic response. It also introduces clinically important drug–gene examples, including how genetic findings may inform drug choice, dose adjustment, or avoidance. Beyond individual gene pairs, the lesson considers companion diagnostic technologies, clinical integration, and regulatory and implementation frameworks. Personalized medicine is broader than genetic testing alone: it combines molecular findings with other patient-specific information to guide decisions.