Topic overview

Start with the big picture

Microbial identification begins with observable features such as colony size, color, hemolysis, and pigment, followed by Gram staining to guide further testing. Biochemical spot tests and commercial panels use organism characteristics to narrow or determine identity. Proteomic identification by MALDI-TOF MS can provide genus or species identification rapidly, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fungal ITS sequencing, and PCR offer molecular approaches, including for atypical or unculturable isolates. Fungal identification also draws on macro- and microscopic morphology, and anaerobe work requires suitable anaerobic conditions and media. Together, these methods form a practical progression from initial observations to more specific identification.